○  南在清华大学的演讲  ○

　　they have argued that force must sometimes be used preventively, and that they must be free to decide when their national security requires it.

　　others have replied that that doctrine is in itself a grave threat to international peace and security since it might imply that any state has the right to use force whenever it sees fit, without regard to other states' concerns. and that is precisely the state of affairs which the united nations was created to save humanity from.

　　indeed, the first purpose of the united nations, laid down in article 1 of the charter, is to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace.

　　we must show that the united nations is capable of fulfilling that purpose, so that states do not feel obliged or entitled to take the law into their own hands.

    that is why, last year, i asked a small panel of distinguished men and women to make recommendations on ways of dealing with threats and challenges to peace and security in the twenty-first century. i am delighted that a very wise chinese statesman, mr. qian qichen, agreed to join that panel, whose report should be ready in a few weeks' time.

　　i hope that its recommendations will help us to rebuild and improve our global security system, so that in future no state feels it has to face global threats on its own, and all can feel confident that others will respect the rules.

　　in short, my friends, there is much to be done to make the world safe in this new century, and to give all its inhabitants a real chance of living prosperous and fulfilling lives. many bold decisions need to be taken, and taken soon.

　　i hope that some of the most important may be taken in september next year, when world leaders will again assemble at the united nations to review the progress made, or not made, since the millennium declaration. this wi

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